Rate of Reaction and Yield Conversion | Experiment

pace of Reaction and give in Conversion sampleAt the outset, the objective of this essay is to scrutinize the invest of chemical substance reply and the issuance variation. And the foremost principal that should be applied in give to de frontierine both position of reception and yield conversion is signifi do-nothingistert offset for green goddess contradictions. As the experimentation go on, students be supposed to perceive the factors catering the yield, number of chemical reception and also the conversion. jibe to the hypothesis of the experiment, with the gain of ethyl radical ethanoate (reactant) from 0.1M to 0.2M the govern of reply should gradu wholey ontogenesis, leading to an augmentation of the rate of reaction as well as the conversion of atomic number 11 ethanoate from sodium hydrated oxide.Secondly, the theories that students must be inform with is, batch reaction, conversion, rate of reaction, conduction yield and saponification. Saponif ication is an essential speculation that drive the whole experiment, as it employment by hydrolyzing an ester, forming a acidic salt and alcohol. With the absence of the pertinent knowledge of saponification, the experiment leave behind non be successful.Thirdly, the modus operandi of the experiment, it comprises of 3 focal steps, preparation of reactant, experimental arrangement and procedure to be carried out during experiment. Students ar to be particularly vigilant during the experiment, as reactant given, contain some perilous substances that are detrimental to benevolent body.Subsequently, with the use of two take issueent preoccupancy of acetyl ethanoate during the experiment, the closure and calculation of yield and rate of reaction could be analyzed. The result tabularize found on the two different cin one casentration should testify a vast divergence. The 0.2M of ethyl acetate rayon should possess a high yield and rate of reaction according to the hypothesis of the experiment.Before proceeding to the conclusion, students are supposed to go through some give-and-take on the experiment. The points to be discussed are namely blockative measure and the factors affecting the rate of reaction.As a final point, the conclusion, it concludes whether the hypothesis of the experiment corresponds with the actual experiment performed. Tentatively the conclusion should support the hypothesis of the experiment, which is, as the dumbness of ethyl acetate increases, the rate of reaction and conversion also increases. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009)Material residual with chemical reaction1. installation1.1 BackgroundOver the years, heaps of researches take a crap been make to capitalize on the yield, conversion and increase the rate of reaction. These three factors are the point in which have close affiliation with the profit of the company. By increase the yield it nastys more harvestion generate with a trite amount of reactant employ. As for r ate of reaction, rationally, the rapid the rate of reaction the greater the reapingion rate in spite of appearance a certain period. During the experiment, batch process is utilise as a medium for chemical reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate to take inject. The reaction produces sodium acetate and fermentation alcohol every thirty slenders, transcription was taken every one minutes to note down the conductivity values. The whole process of obtaining the product from sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate, consist of batch process, closed system, legal philosophy of conversion and also saponification reaction.Batch process, is a process when a fixed file away of raw substantive is introduced and the products indrawn before the cycle repeat. A closed system is a system where no material crosses the system boundary. As for The Law of Conservation of Energy it states that heartiness micklenot be created or destroyed, but can compound its form. Lastly For unstea dy state process, it means, not all of the designates in the process remain unvarying with time or the flows in and out of the system can vary with time.1.2 AimThe set of this experiment on material balance with chemical reaction is to forfeit students to employ the principle of material balance with chemical reaction for batch reaction by determining the yield, conversion and reaction rate. The purpose is to allow students to understand the change of reaction, when the concentrated NaoH react with ethyl acetate in a nuclear reactor as time passes by. With the knowledge of it, we provide thusly be adequate to(p) to understand the saponification reaction of NaoH with ethyl acetate root word.1.3 HypothesisThe hypothesis of the experiment is that during the Saponification reaction between NaOH and Ethyl acetate solution in the reactor, the concentration of NaOH would decrease due to the number of NaOH bulwarkcules creation apply for the reaction to produce sodium acetate. Fur thermore, by change magnitude the concentration of ethyl acetate, the rate of reaction will also be increased2. Theory2.1 Introduction of TheoryThe role of the theory below is to give a more detailed accountings on saponification, batch process, conversion, yield, rate of reaction and conductivity, so that is can allow students to have a better perception on the experiment.2.2 Batch ProcessBatch process is a process in which a fixed charge of raw material is introduced and the product is withdrawn before the cycle repeat. During the experiment, batch process is employed, as reactants are put in to the system for thirty minutes for reaction to take place. After which products are withdrawn and the apparatus used are sluice before another batch of reactant are introduced again. Owing to the change in concentration and production of new product, the reaction is categories under unsteady state. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009)2.3 SaponificationSaponification is defined as a process where ester is hydrolyzed, forming an acid salt and an alcohol. For this experiment, students are suppose to apply the knowledge they acquired on saponification and react ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide and to produce sodium acetate and ethanol as the product of the reaction. Sodium acetate is form due to the displacement reaction which occurred during the overall reaction. The hydrogen in ester is displaced by the sodium ion in the sodium hydroxide, thus forming an acid salt sodium acetate. The reaction is irreversible, thusly once the product is formed, it cannot be re reacted to form the initial state of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. However, reaction could be accelerated with the use of a strong acid (concentrated sulphuric acid) as the catalyst of the reaction. (Richard Hamner, discolour Mountain Soap Company 2006)2.4 ConversionConversion is a technique, when a feed is converted to products. The term conversion can also be defined mathematically as percentage conversion. Pe rcentage conversion is derived by dividing moles of key reactant that react, with mole of feed introduced and multiply it with 100%. A 100% conversion is not likely to occur in the lab, this is due to the restrain of mechanism, which deprived the ideal conversion to transpire. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009)2.5 YieldThere are copious definitions for yield. The three generally prevalent definitions are yield based on feed, yield based on the reactant consumed and lastly yield based on the theoretical consumption of the hold reactant. These three definitions are usually employed by chemical engineering industrial to guesstimate the yield of the products. Yield based on feed are exemplify to be amount of desired product obtained, divided by amount of key reactant (limiting reactant fed). As for yield based on the reactant consumed, it is depict as amount of desired products obtained, divided by amount of the key reactant consumed. Lastly as for yield based on the theoretical consumption of the limiting reactant it is elucidate as amount of product obtained, divided by the theoretical amount of products that would be obtained based on the limiting reactant if limiting reactant react completely. The usage of the verbalism varies from the given information. (Singapore Polytechnic 2009)2.6 Rate of ReactionRate of reaction is the speed of the overall reaction it can be affected by temperature, conductivity, pressure, concentration surface area, and also catalyst.2.6.1 TemperatureTemperature will radically affect the rate of reaction. The collision of particles is determined by the energy a particle possessed. With a higher temperature, it will cater the particles to have a higher energy, hence increase the effectiveness of collision, and eventually resulting to a faster rate of reaction (Redspot Publishing 2005).2.6.2 PressurePressure is defined as a condition of being compress. The increase of pressure will cater to a faster rate of reaction as the areas the particle have are smaller after compression. This therefore causes particle of be closely packet together which result to a higher frequency of collision between gaseous molecules. However, the increase of pressure is only applicable for gaseous molecules, as liquid and solid cannot be compressed (Redspot Publishing 2005).2.6.3 ConcentrationIncreases of concentration mean that the presences of particles in a specific volume have increased. While the volume/ space remained constant, the quantity of the particles increases, these stir up the frequency of collision to be higher, and also enhancing in the effectiveness of collision. This effect on particles collision will encourage a faster rate of reaction during the reaction (Redspot Publishing 2005).2.6.4 Surface Area to volume RatioThe bigger the size of the particles, the smaller the surface area for collision of particles, whereas, when the particles sizes are reduced, the chances of particles colliding in to each other will be higher. T his is due to the increases in surface area of particles with it size are being reduce. Rate of reaction will therefore increases as frequency of collision increased (Redspot Publishing 2005).2.6.5 presence of CatalystCatalyst is defined as a substance that is capable of reducing the activation energy of particles without itself taking part in the reaction. Therefore with the presence of a catalyst, particles will have a higher energy than the activation energy. These will lead to a higher frequency of collision and also the overmuch more effective collision. Rate of reaction will gradually increases with more collision taking place (Redspot Publishing 2005).2.7 ConductivityThe conductivity values of sodium hydroxide is tantamount to the conductivity values of the solution, as the conductivity values of other reactants such as ethyl acetate, sodium hydroxide and ethanol are inconsequential. With the conductivity values of the solution ascertained, the concentration of sodium hydro xide in the reacting mixture can then be determined. The rate on how fast concentration of sodium hydroxide is depleting can that be good achieved, by tabulating a graph (Copyright 2009 Russell Mainstream Supply Ltd)3. Procedure3.1 Preparation of Starting ReactantBefore beginning with the experiment, students should go through and understand the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. The savvy of the data sheet is imperative as, without apposite understanding on the chemical used, perilous hazard expertness occur. The procedure on handling and disposal of chemical must be habituated before the beginning of the experiment. Students are handling with highly acidic concentrated reactant, therefore, disposable glove and chemical goggles should be putted on at all time during the experiment. 500mL of 0.01M of sodium hydroxide solution and 500mL of 0.01M ethyl acetate was the concentration indispensable to be prepared for this experiment.500mL of 0.0 1M sodium hydroxide are suppose to be prepared, to do so, measuring cylinder was used to measure the required volume of 0.01M NaOH and poured in to a 500mL volumetric flask. De ionized water is poured in to the 500mL mark on the volumetric flask for dilution purposes. To ensure a fine dilution, flask should be cover with wad and shake to ensure solution properly mixed.Preparation of 500mL of ethyl acetate solution was done by pouring 250mL of de ionized water into a 500mL volumetric flask, followed by measuring the stock solution using a micropipettor and dispenses it to the 500mL volumetric flask. Top up solution up to 500mL mark, and cover it with a stopper and shake the solution to ensure solution is well mixed.Experimental SetupConductivity meter1-litre reaction beakerMagnetic stirring deviceConductivity seeReacting mixtureRetort standProcedure During ExperimentAs the preparation of the sodium hydroxide solution is completed, solution is poured in to the reactor with the reac tion conditions adjust to predetermined level. The reaction conditions are directly related to the overall reactions hence the recording of the condition is essential. Examples of the condition are, temperature, stirring speed, concentration and volume of reactions. Before the stirring process inaugurate, ensure that the conductivity meter probe is positioned into the reacting mixture and a stopwatch is ready for timing purposes. Ethyl acetate is to be poured in to the reactor, and recording should start immediately. While the solution is being stirred in the reactors, conductivity values are put down at a regular interval of one minute for thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, reactor is stopped and a magnetic rod is used, to remove the magnetic stir bar in the reactor. The conductivity probe is then withdrawn and sluiced scrupulously with de ionized water. As for the product, it is being disposed into a shaping waste container. The experiment is to be repeated based on the expe rimental methodology discussed with lecturer. However, to ensure consonance of the experiment, all glassware is to be rinsed. Once all the experiment is accomplished, all the equipments should be properly cleaned and chemical used are to be disposed in to the plastic waste container. Finally waste will be send to W314 for proper treatment before discarding and glassware used should be placed patronize to original location.Result and Calculation4.2 Determination of the Yield of Sodium AcetateDetermination of the yield of sodium acetate is associated with the concentration of sodium hydroxide. In tandem with the given information on the concentration of sodium hydroxide, the molar ratio employed can be dexterously deciphered. From here, calculation to verify the yield can be facilely obtained by using the mole, which is calculated using the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. Finally, utilize the formula of yield calculation and the determination of the yield of sodiu m acetate can be anatomized.4.3 Yield and Rate of Conversion of 0.01M Ethyl Acetate dissolver for 15 Minutes.Concentration of sodium hydroxide at one minute intervalNaOH + CH3COOC2H5 C2H5OH + CH3COONaTheoretical gram molecule of NaOH = 0.01 X 0.5L = 0.005 molActual Mole of NaOH = 0.00156 X 0.5L = 0.00078molNumber of moles reacted = 0.005 0.00078 = 0.00422molConversion of NaOH= 0.00422/0.005 X 100%= 84.4%Theoretically, since 1 mole of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00078Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00078/0.005=0.1564.4 Yield and Rate of Conversion of 0.02M Ethyl Acetate Solution for 15 MinutesFigure 4.4.2. Graph showing concentration of sodium hydroxide against time (0.02M of ethyl acetate used)NaOH + CH3COOC2H5 C2H5OH + CH3COONaSet 2Theoretical mole of NaOH = 0.02 X 0.5L = 0.01 molActual mole of NaOH = 0.0017 X 0.5L = 0.00085molNumber of moles reacted = 0.01 0.00085 = 0.00915molConversion of NaOH= 0.00915/0.01 X 100%= 91.5%Theoretically, since 1 mol e of NaOH react and form 1 mole of CH3COONa, actual mole of CH3COONa= 0.00085Yield of CH3COONa= 0.00085/0.01=0.0854.5 Rate of Reaction of 0.01M of Ethyl AcetateGraph 4.5.1. Shows the rate of reaction of sodium hydroxide when 0.01M of ethyl acetate was added.Graph shown above is straight line. Gradient= 0.00265-0.0012 20 1 = 0.0000763 (From the graph)4.6 Rate of Reaction of 0.02M of Ethyl AcetateGraph 4.6.1.Shows the rate of reaction of sodium hydroxide when 0.02M of ethyl acetate was added.Graph shown above is straight line.Gradient= 0.00275 0.00125 20 1 = 0.0000789 (From the graph)5. Discussion5.1 Factors Affecting Rate of ReactionAs indicated above, there are numerous factors that are capable of affecting the rate of reaction however the only applicable one is the differences in concentration as the rest (temperature and pressure) are unploughed constant. Based on the experiment did, as the volume and concentration increases, the rate of reaction also increases, this is by v irtue of the presence of more particles in the solution, hence increasing the chances of particles colliding to each other, which eventually result in an increase in the rate of reaction.Below is a graph to further elaborate on the explanation on the difference in concentration.The judgment on the rate of reaction is based on the precipitancy of the graph. As shown, the black line which contains 0.02M of ethyl acetate has a slower rate of reaction as compared to the one in red which is 0.01M of ethyl acetate. This repudiated the hypothesis of this experiment. The dialectics of this contradiction is, there big businessman be outset of contaminant on apparatus or solution used.5.2 Factors Affecting Conversion and YieldThe ideal rate of conversion and yield will never be actualize under school environment or even in industries. As, in school students are using eye sight as a gauge for the experiment which indubitably cause error due to parallax error, as for industries, despite bein g able to afford high cost machines and computer, the cunctation between human and machines will cause an slight differ on the rate of conversion and yield.5.3 Factors Affecting Conductivity ValuesAs mention on the theory section, the conductivity values of ethyl acetate are imperceptible therefore the conductivity rate of sodium hydroxide is employed instead.During the experiment, 2 different concentration of ethyl acetate was used. The first set of experiment, we used a concentration of 0.01M. It produces a constant decreasing rate at every one minute interval. This shows that while the moles of sodium hydroxide are depleting, conductivity value to decreases too.As for the second set of experiment, the selfsame(prenominal) things occurred but at a same rate as the first set of the experiment. This contravene the theory, as suppositionally, the increases in concentration to 0.02M will cause the moles of sodium hydroxide to deplete at a faster rate, which result to a faster decreas ing rate for conductivity. Again, the dialectics of this contradiction is, there might be denotation of contaminant on apparatus or solution used.5.4 Precaution in ExperimentAs we all know, ethyl acetate are very volatile, it release harmful gas when it is expose to the environments. Therefore, adding of ethyl acetate into the volume metric flask must be carried out in the fume hood to prevent students from inhaling gases produced from ethyl acetate, which is harmful to human body. In addition, safety goggles and rubber gloves should be worn at all times during the experiment. This help to prevent students from having direct contact with the acid which might cause throw together irritation of temporary loss of vision.5.5 analogy of twain Different TestsAs two different concentrations were employed during the experiments, the result on yield and conversion rate will be different.5.5.1 Comparison of the Yield of Two Different TestsUpon completion of experiments, the differences in yield were realised. The yield of 0.01M ethyl acetate was 0.156 and the yield of 0.02M ethyl acetate is 0.085. Theoretically, due to the increment in concentration, the yield of 0.02M of ethyl acetate should be higher as, since more reactants is used it will rightfully result in more products being formed. However, as mention above, there might be chances of the reactants or apparatus used being contaminated, which result in the huge differences between the yields.5.5.2 Comparison of the Conversion RateThe conversion rate of 0.01M of ethyl acetate was 84.4% and the conversion rate of 0.02M of ethyl acetate was 91.5%. The result shown was excellent, as high conversion rate will mean that, majority of the reactant was fully utilized, hence saving cost.6. ConclusionBased on experiment, I can construe that the higher the concentration of ethyl acetate, it will result to a much faster rate of reaction, and a higher rate of conversion. The conductivity value is interred related and propo rtioned to the concentration of sodium hydroxide. Therefore, since observation and hypothesis are similar, the hypothesis is true.The aim of the experiment are also fulfilled, as scrutiny of the experiment have verify that, while the concentration of ethyl acetate got higher, the rate of reaction and rate of conversion increases. In addition, adding of catalyst or increasing surrounding temperature could also result in a faster rate of reaction which tantamount to an increment in rate of conversion.

Steps To Plan An Effective Business Presentation English Language Essay

Steps To Plan An impelling tune launching English run-in Essay business concern exhibit is any initiation of factual information and its interpretation using the utter word. By this definition, business presentations include untold of the information and analyses exchanged daily in the conduct of business.Business presentations may be primarily informative, offering data without recommendations or may be analytical, offering investigating and recommendations for solving a problem. No matter what kind of presentation it is, the presenter is responsible for showing relationships amongst his research findings and management objectives. Whenever a person plans, names, and creates a message to deliver to others, he makes a presentation. During these presentations, speakers may often select to convince the arguingeners that their findings are pertinent, valid, reliable, and determinationful to the organization and to the people they serve.Types of business presentationsInfo rmative- In this casing of presentation the main objective is to educate the audience for example some new plan, point of intersections, services etceteraPersuasive- These presentations are given to convince the people for a common viewpoint. These presentations are common to the various levels in the organizations. Motivational speeches or presentations in an organizations are also the example of this type.Group- These are the presentations given by the groups or teams to disclose their findings and results.Special occasion speech- This type of speech is given in honour or take some special group or delegates or introducing another person to the audience.Steps To Plan an Effective Business PresentationSet ObjectivesWhat do you want the end result of your presentation to be? Do you want to convince people to buy something? Do you want to instruct them? The objective of your presentation leave behind determine most of your substance the round-eyed act of writing down your objec tives will make it that much easier to organize what youre going to say and when youre going to say it.Keep Audience in encephalonThe undermentioned step is to keep in mind that to which type of persons you are to give presentation. Presenter must prepare its presentation which is understandable by the audience. For example if a sales person is selling a product to a labor class then he must work words as primary as canbe used and avoid technical words if possible and also express on demos and slides in layman language.Note Key PointsThe next step is to outline the main points of the presentation that you are going to present .This will be helpful when some successions we transmit blank in between of the presentation. These key points are important because all the presentation revolve around the main topic of the presentation.Sequence Your PresentationOnce you shake up an outline of all of the topics that you want to cover in your presentation then you need to determine the sequence of your presentation. A ripe way to do that is to use a simple flowchart which lays out the order of the ideas that youre going to present. Some people, usually hardcore PowerPoint users, prefer to use real storyboards where they produce mock-ups of each stage of the presentation.Determine What Visuals You Will NeedThe final step to preparing a presentation is to figure out what sort of ocular aids youre going to need. You probably wont need a complicated visual for e very single point of your presentation, unless when it comes down to explaining something complicated, like how a business process works, then youre going to want to support yourself with a good visual.Importance of Business Presentation PlanningIt helps to explain the idea you want to convey in an effective manner.If presentation is good then it also acts as a tool of motivation.Means to connect to the stakeholders i.e. to provide information about new products or services.Means to share your business ide as.Steve JobsSteve jobs is a considerable visionary and a great businessman or we can say a good dreamer. He is the co-founder of the well cognize brand APPLE INC. USA. He has developed products as Apple iphone, ipad, ipod, iMac etc.Another attribute for which Steve jobs was well known is his presentation skills, he is a great presenter and it was said that A Jobs presentation is like a carefully crafted, well-rehearsed performance that tells a story and shares a vision. He very much focus on selling dream not the product or services.Steve Jobs Presentation Secrets1. The furrowline. Steve Jobs positions every product with a Tag line that explains all the unique thing of the product. For example, Jobs described the Mac Book Air as the worlds thinnest notebook. This evince appeared on his apple websites, presentations, and press releases of apple at the same time.2. A villain. In every holy story, the hero fights the villain. In 1984, the villain, according to Apple, was IBM (I BM). Before Jobs introduced the famous 1984 television ad to the Apple sales team for the first time, he told a story of how IBM was bent on dominating the computer industry.3. A simple slide. Apple products are easy to use because of the elimination of clutter. The same approach applies to the slides in a Steve Jobs presentation. Steve jobs cogitate inmaking simple slides , he never used bullets or lots of words in his presentation slides instead he use more pictures and orbits that are self explanatory. For example when he launched apple macbook air he displays it in an envelope.4. A demo. Neuroscientists have discovered that the brain gets bored easily. Steve Jobs doesnt give you time to lose interest. Ten minutes into a presentation hes often demonstrating a new product or feature and having fun doing it. When he introduced the iPhone at Macworld 2007, Jobs demonstrated how Google Maps (GOOG) worked on the kink. He pulled up a list of Starbucks (SBUX) stores in the local area and said, Lets call one. When someone answered, Jobs said Id like to order 4,000 lattes to go, please. No, just kidding.5. An unrestrained moment. Every Steve Jobs presentation has one moment that neuroscientists call an emotionally charged resolution. The emotionally charged event is the equivalent of a mental post-it note that tells the brain, Remember this For example, at Macworld 2007, Jobs could have opened the presentation by telling the audience that Apple was unveiling a new mobile phone that also compete music, games, and video. Instead he built up the drama. Today, we are introducing three revolutionary products. The first one is a widescreen iPod with touch controls. The second is a revolutionary mobile phone. And the third is a breakthrough Internet communication theory devicean iPod, a phone, an Internet communicatoran iPod, a phone, is you getting it? These are not three devices. This is one device The audience erupted in cheers because it was so unexpected, and v ery entertaining.Humour and presentationsIn the business presentations humour is necessary but it must be in good taste. An original joke is better which the audience has never perceive before. The joke must be related to the subject of the speech.If we take example of Steve jobs he uses humour in his presentations so that the audience may not get bored. This was his one of the skills in presentations thats why he was very popular in giving good or we can say awesome presentations.The 10 Presentation Tips of Steve JobsPlan presentations with pen and paper. Storyboard the presentation first. Jobs initially prepares by brainstorming and white boarding ideas.Single strong belief description for every service/idea. As an example, for the introduction of the Mac Book Air computer, Jobs said that it is simply, The worlds thinnest notebook. bring into being a villain that allows the audience to rally around the hero-you and your product/service. A villain doesnt necessarily have to be a direct competitor. It can be a problem in need of a solution.Focus on benefits. Your audience only cares about how your product or service enhances their lives. Make that connection. draw together to the rule of three. Almost every Jobs presentation is divided into three major parts. You might have 20 points to make in your presentation, but your audience will only remember three or four. transport dreams, not your products or services. Jobs doesnt sell computers, he sells the promise of a better world. When he introduced the iPod, he said, In our own small way were going to make the world a better place.Create visual slides. Jobs dont use bullet points. Instead, he relies on photographs and images. When he unveiled the Mac Book Air, he showed an image of the computer fitting inside a manila inter-office envelope.Make numbers meaningful. Jobs always put stupendous numbers into a context to make them relevant to his audience. The bigger the number, the more important to find an com parison or comparison that adds clarity.Use plain English. Steve jobs always uses simple English phrases in his presentations and rarely use jargon so it not create any confusion in the mind of audience.Practice, practice, practice. Jobs used to turn over hours rehearsing the presentation and do it like a theatre performance artist.ConclusionWe must learn from Steve jobs flair of presentation. His presentations are not only of informative style but there is a complete intermix of presentation styles such as motivational, humor etc. Generally for example most of people get bored in the presentations but it is the Steve jobs presentations that are well designed, planned, well structured spinal column also well rehearsed.One must fully take care when developing a business presentation because it is the presentation which tells about your dream, vision, product or services to the stakeholders and it is necessary to fully satisfy them to attend in business.Key points to remember reg arding presentationsBe clear about your objectivesAlways keep in mind your audienceLess is more.Research.Be concrete.Use Visuals.

Liberal and Mercantilist Theories of Political Economy

Lib whilel and Mer appri regulateilist Theories of Political EconomyContrast big(a) and mer elicittilist theories of outside(a) semi policy-making parsimoniousness and consider which approach is around unpatterned in the modern-day world.The following convergeks to contrast informal and mercantilist theories that hold back develop to describe and analyze the supranational political deliverance. Once the contrasts digest been collapse conclusions as to which possibility is the just about apt or app arent in the contemporaneous world will be drawn. Both prominent and mercantilist theories submit advantages and disadvantages when used to understand the multinational political thrift in the expose global system. Perhaps it would be more(prenominal) apt to describe the gratis(p) surmise as be neo- unspecific as it has undergone a recent resurgence in popularity.It must be remembered that whether a state is most influenced by open-handed or mercantilists theor ies that foxiness will never be entirely bighearted of duty and tariffs, as they are useful sources of revenue for governments. Governments in any case shake off to have relationships with other governments and non-state actors that may or may non make do their worldview.Liberalism itself can be dated back to the English, American and French revolutions of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the mercantilist frugal system evolved into capitalism. Liberals were origin eachy regarded as being politically centrist or left wing in prospect but favoring micro or no state intervention in the economy. In its original form liberal scotch surmisal strongly advocated a let off market approach with states not using tariffs to go on competition from other countries and not interfering in their own infixed markets (Comfort, 1993, p. 345). The basis of liberal theory was the right to gain property or capital to be used however states, businesses or individuals felt sei ze combined with freedom of action and belief (Eatwell and Wright, 2003, p. 27). In classical liberal theory the free market sets the values for goods, currency exchanges, resources and even wages. However fluctuations inwardly the free market can have serious political as well as economic consequences such as unemployment and poverty that can be made worse by foreign competitors. Governments have attempt to circumvent these problems by setting up welfare states, imposing stiff tariff snipions on imports or subsidizing industries and businesses. The restriction of job and the use of tariffs are the main basis of mercantilist theory (Harvey, 1995, p. 6).Liberalism was observablely strongest in the global political economy during the 19th century as Britain dominated world apportion removing barriers in its way to free get by. Liberal capitalism seemed to be unstoppable during this expiration. The economic elites of the less developed states were content to play a place r ole as they were still making profits for themselves (Hobsbawm, 1975, p. 38). However, there were moves off from free slyness towards a more mercantilist or restrictive swop practices most notably in Germany and coupled States whilst even the British started to uncertainness free mess. After World War One liberal theory seemed to decline in prominence at bottom the international political economy (Hobsbawm, 1987, p. 54).It was a great paradox that liberal theory would regain roughly of its prominence in international political economy after 1945 in force(p) as the free market inwardly most of the world was any tempered by welfare states or communist takeovers. The United States promoted freer trade both out of self-interest and the desire to prevent the great failings at heart the international political economy during the inter-war period. Through the World Bank, the International pecuniary Fund and the Bretton Woods agreement the United States government ushered in an era of liberalism that is still in operation to this day. However, it was not the unrestrained free trade international political economy of the 19th century but without American economic aid it is doubtful if Western Europe and Japan would have acquire so well to play such key roles in the preface global economy. However the World Bank and the IMF are founded on the principles of liberal theory and generally insist that all countries they loan money to lease those free trade policies that stem from liberalism. Governments that have to accept these loans leave their economies grant to multinational companies and have to reduce spending on welfare and learning (Keegan, 1992, pp.16-17). United States domination of the international political economy meant that it could promote the liberal theory of free trade even if it allowed its com vistaners to have tariffs whilst it did not. United States share of world trade declined its share of global exports declining to 13% in the mi d-eighties from its high point of 29% in 1953. However the American ground multinational companies such as Coca-Cola and Microsoft have great influence on the global economy due to their size and profitability. Americans continue to believe that liberal theory holds the key to ensuring international prosperity and many nations either done choice or lack of autonomy pursue liberal policies as well (DuBoff, 1989.p.158).Liberal theory does not tout ensemble dominate the international political economy as tariffs were not completely removed from all countries and there was the establishment of transaction blocs. Blocs such as the European alliance (EU), The North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) and Mercosaur in Latin America offer favoured trading boundarys to members but not forever and a day to non-members. The economic advantages offered by free trading areas act as an inducement for non members to adopt liberal policies, for compositors case the former communists st ates of central and eastern Europe. For practically of the post war period there was in addition the apparent oppose economic and political theory of communism re postureed by the Soviet Union and its primordial and easterly European satellites. The collapse of communism surely made liberal concepts within international political economy more apparent in the contemporary world (Keegan, 1992, pp. 3-4). The former communist countries of Central and easterly Europe and the Soviet Union have all to some(prenominal) extent attempted the twin convergence to liberal democracy and capitalist economy. The opening up of these countries to liberal free trade led to unemployment, the occluded front of uncompetitive factories and inflation. Russia and its young reformers was not the nevertheless country to attempt reversal therapy to cure the stagnation caused by central planning (Freeland, 1999, pp. 34-35). However, the economic and political transitions have been more successful in Poland, Hungary and the Baltic States that have since join the EU.It could be argued that liberal theory of free trade proved gentle to reformers whilst ordinary, people wished to have higher standards of living as in the United States, Japan and Western Europe (Agh, 1998, p.3).The mercantilist theory is in effect the resister theory to the liberal theory. Mercantilist theory equates to restrictions being placed upon free trade when governments are more prepared to intervene in the international political economy or if needs be to by pass it. Mercantilist theory and practice led to the creation (or explained it at any rate) of separate trading blocs and economic nationalism within the international political economy. Economists and historians have argued that modern capitalism developed from an earlier mercantilist period when the empires built up by the European states such as France, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal competed for global domination and tried to restrict trade to within their own empires. Each country would try to change magnitude its power by gaining colonies, economic influence and more consumers for its goods. Britain by chastity of its naval supremacy and earlier industrial enterp fount was able to dominate the international political economy. Where possible Britain removed mercantilist restrictions to trade, allowing workers, businesses and investments to flow more freely (Hobsbawm, 1975, pp. 36-37). However, mercantilist theory and policies remained and still remain in the international political economy. Countries such as Germany, Russia, Japan and the United States used protectionism to start up and enhance their industrialization preventing more efficient rivals from shutting it down. Japan would become the role baffle for importing superior foreign goods, copying them and them exporting cheaper versions. Meanwhile a renewed wave of imperialism at the end of the 19th century increase the competition for colonies and captive m arkets. Mercantilist theory was popular then and is attractive straight because of its emphasis on national self -interest and gaining at the expense of others. However, the advantages of house servant popularity and employment protection need to be considered in relation to consequences within the international political economy. The United States is as keen to pursue free trade liberal policies as the British used to be, because they gain the most from those policies. Smaller nations on the other hand are dependent on the richer nations and might prefer to restrict trade to protect their industries and jobs but oft have that choice taken away from them (Hobsbawm, 1987, p. 54).There are several(a) ways in which mercantilist theory can be put into effect. Methods intromit the imposition and weighting of tariffs (more restrictive towards unfriendly nations, less restrictive for friends or allies), the restriction or complete ban of certain goods and quotas. Not only can restricti ons be used to gain economic advantage they can also be used as political and economic sanctions against states that have transgressed in some way. The goodness of sanctions in forcing countries to change their behaviour stay largely unproved both in the past and in the contemporary international political economy. The possible exception to this is the supply of crude oil, which is so crucial to the economies of North America, Europe and Asia. This reliance upon oil gave the oil trade stoppage of 1973-74 such damaging effects on the global economy. The further price rises following the Iranian revolution in 1979 the Gulf War of 1990-91 and more recently the invasion of Iraq demonstrate the vulnerability of the international political economy to the restriction of essential resources. However the governments of the oil producing states are normally dexterous to take part in free trade even if liberalism is the delay thing they would support at the domestic and national level (Har vey, 1995, pp. 288-89).The inter-war period provides the best examples of the bad consequences of an im counterpoise between liberal and mercantilist influences on the international political economy. Tariffs were raised through out that period yet offered little but short-term advantage at the expense of international co-operation and trade. Whilst Britain and France change magnitude their exports to their colonies and restricted imports from rivals, Italy, Japan and Germany looked at conquest as a nub of economic expansion. These mercantilist measures did little to protect and in fact further harmed the international political economy following the great depression after 1929 (Brendon, 2000, p. 165). Added to the instability was the harshness of the Versailles settlement that prevented Germanys economic revival and badly effected the economic fortunes of the rest of Europe. Resentment of the settlement assisted the Nazis Party aided by economic weakness (Smith, 2003, p. 160). T he events of the inter-war period are relevant to an understanding of the contemporary international political economy due to the way in which governments and organisations have tried to prevent similar events happening again. Liberalism is seen as the best mean of achieving stability and prosperity just as much now as it did in the past (Smith, 2003, p. 161).After 1945 the United States government extended aid not only to its allies such as Britain and France but also defeated enemies in the form of Germany, Italy and Japan. Under the Marshall plan $17 billions of American aid boosted reconstruction in Western Europe (Central and Eastern European countries were forced to refuse by the Soviet Union) that ensured long term stability and prosperity. This is relevant to the present international political economy because it ensure the predominance of liberal theory even though it did not completely eliminate mercantilist theory (Ambrose Brinkley, 1997, p. 87). The post-war economic growth of Germany and Japan (the Western part anyway) was aided by the selective use of subsidies and tariffs to promote the most effective parts of the economy rather than the least effective. Germany of course also had to set tariffs in line with its EU partners whilst Japan has not such constraints (Keegan, 1992, p.145).Countries within the international political economy have to find a balance between national self- interest and maintaining worthwhile international trading relationships. Whether point by liberal, mercantilist or any other theory governments are frequently guided in their approach to the internationalist political economy by pragmatic considerations. Decisions made on pragmatic basis can later(prenominal) be justified in the mane of liberal or mercantilist theory. The rise of international trading blocs has generally led to a loosening of trade within those blocs most notably within the hotshot market and single currency of the EU (Smith, 2003, p.230). The c ost of failure or the benefits of success of liberalization of trade within the international political economy are great. The general Agreement on Trade Tariffs (GATT) has often been involved in heterogeneous trade deals and tariff reductions. Failure to agree can lead to the dear(p) maintenance or extension of trade restrictions. Reductions in tariffs have been substantial. For instance the cuts agreed to at the Uruguay round of GATT amounted to a $744 billion reduction in tariffs across the international political economy. Such deals demonstrate the intentions of many governments to make the international political economy as liberal in disposition as possible but without losing too much of their own position (Ambrose Brinkley, 1997, p. 410).Arguably the liberal theory is the most apparent within the contemporary international political economy. However this has to be considered with remaining vestiges of mercantilist theory. Liberal theory received a revival from the 1970s onwards with the emergence of neo-liberalism. Neo-liberalism became most closely associated with Margaret Thatcher in Britain and Ronald Reagan in United States being referred to as Reaganomoics and Thatcherism. They wished to pass on the clock back to unrestricted free trade internationally and the free market domestically with reduced welfare states (Keegan, 1992, p.25). Ronald Reagan in fact change magnitude public spending particularly in a renewed munition race with the Soviet Union. An unintended consequence of that policy was the collapse of the Soviet Union and the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe (Carroll Noble, 1988, p.433). The re-emergence of liberal democracy and capitalism in the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe strengthened the role of liberal theory in the international political economy. This strengthening happened because of the liberal minded policies of reformers in those countries even though the transitions proved far from s traight forward (Agh, 1998, pp. 2-3)Therefore within the present international political economy liberal theory is more apparent than mercantilist theory. The apparent dominance of liberal theory can be explained by the continued strength of American and other major multinational companies, and the political, economic and military might of the United States. Liberal theory is further promoted by institutions such as the IMF that influence developing states into pursuing free trade policies. Developing and former communist states such as Poland also see that adopting liberal theory can be to their political and economic advantage, curiously if it allows them access to trading blocs like the European Union. Trading blocs may run short liberal theory within the confines of their members but they can bring out mercantilist tendencies by restricting trade with non-members. Liberal theory is also promoted by the process of globalization that makes it easier for multinationals to operat e within. The increasing use of information applied science allows trade to be carried out faster with less chance of governments intervening. soon enough mercantilist theory is not likely to disappear from the international political economy just yet as governments are as likely to be guided by national self-interest and pragmatism as they have always been.BibliographyAgh, A. (1998) The Politics of Central Europe, Sage Publications, capital of the United Kingdom.Ambrose S E Brinkley, D G (1997) Rise to Globalism American Foreign Policy Since 1938, Eighth revise Edition, Penguin Books, New YorkBrendon, P (2000) The Dark Valley A Panorama of the 1930s, Jonathan Cape, capital of the United KingdomCarroll, P. N and Noble, D. W (1988) The Free and the Unfree A new account statement of the United States 2nd edition, Penguin Books, New YorkComfort, N. (1993) Brewers Politics A Phrase and emblem Dictionary, 2nd edition, Cassell, London.DuBoff, R B (1989) Accumulation Power An Ec onomic account of the United States, M E Sharpe Inc. New YorkEatwell, R and Wright, A (2003) present-day(a) Political ideologies, 2nd edition, Continuum, LondonFreeland, C (2000) Sale of the Century -the inner story of the Second Russian Revolution, Little Brown and Company, LondonHarvey, J (1995) Mastering Economics 4th edition, Macmillan, LondonHobsbawm, E (1975) The Age of superior 1848-1875, Weidenfeld Nicholson, LondonHobsbawm, E (1987) The Age of Empire 1875-1914, Weidenfeld Nicholson, LondonKeegan, W (1992) The phantom of Capitalism the future of the World economy after the fall of Communism.Smith, D (2003) Free Lunch -Easily Digestible Economics, Served on a plate, Profile Books, London

Health and illness: Social and biological constructs

wellness and unwellness Social and biological constructsDefine twain wellness and illness as affectionate and biological constructs. Examine the shipway in which both constructs differ in your answer make point of reference to health patterns in two contrasting culturesThe everyday absence of illness or illness is known as our health (Bilton et al 2002). Health is simply a biological description of our bodies, and if well-nighthing is not right, then we concur ourselves ill (Bilton et al 2002). There is unsounded to be two views on health and illness, one being the biological and the other sociological. Biological views of our health looks at our bodies through the biomedical model of health, this is used by health professionals in the diagnoses and treatment of a disease (Bilton et al 2002). If a some soundbox is diagnosed with an illness, it sens be treated by forms or cathexis fors, therapies, such as physiotherapy, or by surgery (Bilton et al 2002). The biomedical model looks at our dust in different ways and it is mute that the mind and the body can be treated differently this is referred to as mind/body dualism. Plus the body is liked to a machine, meaning it can be repaired, the doctor being the engineer that repairs it (Nettleton 2006). Because of the ability to diagnose illnesses and recommend treatment, the health profession hold a high power status, along with the command of the health industry (Bilton et al 2002). Society has been entrenched with this power held by a health professional, we have become dependent on expiration to seek medical advice because of their experience on the understanding of being ill and letting them decide whether treatment is needed (Bilton et al 2002). Doctors comprehend that health and illness is not a shared by their patients, so facts of life and expensive advertisements attempt to promote awareness and symptoms. The Biomedical model is criticised by neighborlyist McKeown (1976) were he argued th at improved hygiene, sanitation and nutrition have been central affable improvements of health (McKeown 1976 in Parry 2010). Further much Illich (1975) argues that modern medicine is iatrogenic, meaning it creates rather than cures disease (Illich 1975 in Parry 2010). Marxist (1972) theories alike argue that the prominence of the medical model removes the attention away from mixer causes of disease (Marxist 1972 in Parry 2010, Adams et al 2002).In contrast to the biomedical model we also have the sociological model of health, it is understood that this considers the social origins and influences on disease (Bilton et al 2002). The social model of health considers the environment, social and behavioural factors into consideration. The social model has a long history, from influences such as urbanisation and industrialisation (Wainwright 2007). to a fault material deprivation plays a fundamental role in the cause of disease (Wainwright 2007). This is because the poor may be refu sed or not have the knowledge to access to goods and services for health. Providing just water, good housing and an adequate food sum up can pass on to a psyche being healthier (Wainwright 2007). It is claimed that if a person is works in a job that is strenuous then they are more likely to catch disease and become ill (Wainwright 2007). It is also understood that work class plenty have a higher fatality rate rate than those in the other classes (Wainwright 2007, Parry 2010). This could be payable to the operative class living in industrialised areas or highly dwell areas as the spread of disease is more common (Bilton et al 2002). Likewise work related accidents are more prone to people working in industrialised areas (Bilton et al 2002, Wainwright 2007). Health education can play a role in improving the health of people, if people can understand how pass bying insanitary lifestyles can contribute to illness and disease then maybe this will turn them away from the unhea lthy lifestyle (Bilton et al 2002, Parry 2010). Some forms of an unhealthy lifestyle could be smoking, eating fatty foods or lacking physical activity (Sanna 2006). The social model of health also suggests that disability is driven upon an impaired person as a result of the way society is organised (Oliver and Sapey 1999). Suggesting a person with an impairment has become unable to remain in the company due to the social and physical environment stopping them continuing to lead an independent life (Oliver and Sapey 1999).In comparison the culture in mainland China have a different view on the health of the body. This is understood to be the body is in good health when it is in occur harmony, this referring to the Yin and Yang (Wong 2008), factors such as the environment influence this imbalance (Wong 2008). To restore the balance, traditional remedial practises are used an example of this is herbal tea (Wong 2008, Holtz 2008). The Chinese governance have a laissez-flair policy fo r health care in rural areas, they also utilise a pay as you go type scheme for when a person visits a hospital or clinic (Holtz 2008, Wong 2008). People in urban areas can also have government health insurance which aims to provide more access to health care and better technologies (Holtz 2008). Currently the Chinese government have invested heavily on improving public health by modifying and enlarging disease prevention units, supply control centres and disaster relief in some of the countrys study cities (Holtz 2008). Mental health is one of Chinas major concerns this is due to the rapid social and economic changes, financial losses, gambling, extramarital affairs, family violence, break and raises in substance abuse (Holtz 2008). Furthermore unemployment and the widening gap amidst the wealthy and the poor are having an effect on the Chinese states mental health (Holtz 2008).Mexico has a range of packages available for its residents to modify them to access health care (Hol tz 2008) this includes the social security institution which provides reporting for all medical care and prescriptions (Holtz 2008). Also the social security system, which covers workers, is do up of several agencies and is funded by employers, employees and the government (Holtz 2008). Relationship failures, imbalances with food, water, air and temperature pass on to the causes of illness in Mexico (Holtz 2008). Clean water has been a challenge for Mexico as this is needed to prevent illness and maintaining health (Holtz 2008). It is understood by some that illness is caused as a failure to relate to god (Holtz 2008) and due to the high costs in health care in Mexico there are spiritual and physical healers that use traditional technics (Holtz 2008). The Curanderos, are believed to be chosen by god to heal people (Holtz 2008). Yerberos specialize in using herbs and spices for treatment (Holtz 2008). Sobadors use massage therapy to try and correct muscularity imbalance (Holtz 2 008). Parteras are midwife like, women only, who have been trained as a birth attendant by other family members or friends this is cheaper to pay for than a physician (Holtz 2008).

Critiquing Cosmetic Progression

Critiquing Cosmetic ProgressionPart OneAbout a ten-spot ago, dive Corporation released a controversial video, which, rather successfully, was able to subliminally satire the modern fashion industrys notorious inclination of distorting physical complexion for increase product marketing. Perhaps even more impressively, they accomplished this in slight time than it takes to re-heat a leftover plate of spaghetti. Enter Dove Evolution. quantify in at just over a minute in length, this advertisement has achieved widespread appraisal for its unparalleled ability to challenge modern-day plights related to self- esteem (particularly in women) as a result of the uninterrupted degrading stimuli being solicited through media outlets. Upon watching this clip myself, I experienced an array of emotions ranging from calm, to apprehension, and even mild bewilderment. As the brief video has no dialogue, the importance of background symphony is noticeably enforced. At the opening, were present ed with soothing Greco-Roman piano chords, as our female subject takes a seat in the lead the camera inner of the contextual production studio. Alarmingly, the tempo begins to cursorilyen introducing intelligent pulses of bass rhythm while simultaneously, bright lights are introduced as a means of hastily diminishing the facial nerve blemishes of the woman. Her initially optimistic sort begins to steer toward that of a nerve wracked teenager as the videos speed becomes digitally modified cosmetologists bustle closely, enhancing her hairstyle at an inhuman pace, while a quick series of bright camera shots catches the viewer off guard with a semi-photo sensitive intensity. Never ceasing in its rapid course, the video transitions to a utmost still-frame of the physically enhanced woman, at which point an Adobe PhotoShop heads-up demonstration is introduced. chase a painstakingly meticulous series of alterations lip saturation, nerve center widening, shadow exaggerations, and a neck extension, the camera angle slowly pans outwards causing the viewer to witness a suburban street with our of import characters revised complexion strung upon a billboard. A pair of boylike women, observe this obstruction in passing forward to the screens final cease to black. Subsequently, a credit appears to comp some(prenominal), along with a statement concerning warped corporate perceptions. Theres meaning in the text and images here beyond what may be immediately apparent on that points a rhetorical framework and a substance that suggests something more significant and complex than what observers may see on a first look.Part TwoBreaking down the advertisement further, it becomes quite apparent that a pathodic appeal to personal emotions is invoked on multiple levels. From the outset, the music puts us at ease, before abruptly shifting to incorporate drums and additional rock-based instruments on a dual track layer. Personally, this technique, coinciding with the changing facial expressions the woman was undergoing away, resonated a sense of alarm within me (as if I was about to witness a p terminaling act of brutality). With that said, I think any viewer experiencing similar emotions at this point would have found it dire how relentlessly the hairdressers went about their business, seemingly void of any compassion. Maybe this was the directors intention, because a resulting feeling of sympathy for this woman blossomed in my soul. By now, Dove has its audiences feelings on autopilot, and is able to orchestrate them befittingly for the duration of the editing sequences. Im inclined to deduct that the photo-shopping was revealed in an attempt to drive the hammer into the nail of what we already knew this full(a) time nobody is naturally that attractive That isnt to say, though, that the closing act couldnt be reaming with hints of ethos in addition to the aforementioned rhetoric. I noticed that the billboard hosting the end product poi nted to an different popular brand in the skin foreboding sector. Do we sense a conspiracy at work amongst the conglomerates? Im going to circle back to this revelation later, as I believe its historic to factor into the grand scheme of whats transpiring.Part ThreeIn prolongation to the closing statement I made in the previous paragraph, there are a number of admonishments Id like to point out to my readers, in order to address the more metaphorical sights of this video (or what may potentially be interpreted as such). First, something that caught my attention early on, was that the correction of facial blemishes on the subjected woman were given utmost priority to any other items on the touch-up task list. I would infer that on a large scale, this hints at a hierarchical approach the fashion industry adopts when evaluating beauty. Following that logic, we could conclude that a raw human face warrants correction prior to any makeup, hair, or airbrush modifications conducted by modeling agency experts. flat out theyre judging your primary feature with heightened scrutiny.Secondly, the overall pace of the advertisement, as I previously mentioned, was extremely swift. Coupled with the background tunes, this probably assisted in delivering the broadest possible range of emotionally triggering stimuli to target audiences in the designated timeframe undoubtedly a premeditated play. The objective of this ad was essentially to call out the elephant in the room, (or in this case, perhaps the one in Hollywood) and in order to do that, Dove knew that relying on a pathos-based approach would prove to be a strategic ally to influence viewers with the desired message.Finally, the billboard itself was hardened in a neighborhood which appeared to be centered on any working-class citizens, high-school youth, and/or single parents aspiring for more. I gleaned this demographical hypothesis by noting the surrounding environment composed exclusively of brick apartment c omplexes, wire fencing, and employ cars. Suffice it to say that if this is indeed a factual theory, it would correlate nicely with the idea that Dove wants to spread its agenda like a wildfire passim the general consumer populace many of whom may have otherwise remained in blissful ignorance to the proceedings commencing behind closed doors.Part FourPrimarily, I fathom that women of Millennial and X generations would be the most heavily wedge audience after watching this advertisement. Furthermore, I would ascertain that those impacts have loosely positive connotations, superseding the manipulative (unethical?) bodily practices exposed therein. In support of this claim, I located a research resume conducted by Stephanie L Quigg in 2010. The purpose was to identify how a brief ad could abate the proscribe effects imposed on self-esteem through traditional media propaganda. The study consisted of exposing groups of women to one of three variants a music video padded with mensu ration commercials, the same music video padded with preventative commercials, and TV with non-human cerebrate commercials. The outcome determined that seeing the music videos ultimately led to unhorse levels of self-satisfaction in test subjects, in contrast to the group that didnt. interestingly though, in her subsequent book titled Body Image, Quiggreveals exposure to the intervention commercial counter-acted this effect. Demonstrating the extent which media portrayals of women are artificially enhanced can mitigate detrimental effects on female appearance satisfaction (135-142).Earlier, I mentioned Id be elaborating on the concept of concealed marketing loaded inside of well-intentioned messaging. Taking a tip from Bob Garfield, a journalist reviewing the Ogilvy Mather Agency, (who represent the film) I quickly uncovered another mind who shares my demoralize proposition. Quoting his article specifically, the bonus is, if they stay with this message come what may, theyll a lso period of play over lots of whatever it is apart from the uncomfortable truth theyre marketing (Garfield). That statement really makes me wonder if any act of good nature is pure these days or is everything simply a clever wile to boost a bottom line?Part FiveTo end my analysis, Id like to reiterate to my readers, the importance of executing caution in retort to all sources of mainstream advertising, regardless of implied positive messages. In this discussion, Ive brought to light how what was formerly thought to be a feat of goodwill by Dove, might really constitute as a turncoat for a corrupted motive, depending on the eye of the beholder. Its crucial that we embrace this somewhat harsher truth going forward. In order to be competent citizens, its dire that we examine each aspect of a message. Otherwise, we become vulnerable to intelligently situated reverse psychological science governing our buying impulses.Works CitedQuigg, Stephanie L., Stephen C. Want. Highlight ing Media Modifications Can a television setCommercial Mitigate the Effects of Music Videos on Female bearing Satisfaction? Body Image, vol. 8, Elsevier, 2011, pp. 135-42. Science Direct, Elsevier, 2011, doi10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.11.008.Accessed 6 Mar. 2017.Tackling Ugly Truth, Dove Effort Evolves Beautifully. Review of Dove Evolution, by Bob Garfield, 2006. Advertising Age, revision 2015, Crain Communications, 29 Oct. 2006, www.adage.com/article/ad-review/tackling-ugly-truth-dove-effort-evolves-beautifully/112837/.Accessed 6 Mar. 2017.Unilever Group. Dove Evolution. The Evolution Video The part of Photoshop and Airbrushing in the Media, Unilever, 11 Jan. 2016, www.dove.com/uk/dove-self-esteem-project/help-for-parents/media-and-celebrities/the-evolution-video.html.Accessed 6 Mar. 2016.

Business Environment Assessment Of Bisleri Marketing Essay

commerce Environment Assessment Of Bisleri foodstuffing seeA study of business environment is rattling multipurpose to squ in all opportunities and to plan resources to exploit these opportunities successfully. It unripe goddess alike be used as an early warning system to prevent threats or to turn obstacles into opportunities.Business environment is a sum total of all those factors, conditions, situations or environs which directly affect the working of business. It is a comprehensive term and c all anyplaces factors a kindred consumer behavior, economic policies, competition in the commercialize, technology and so on.ABSTRACT body of body of piddle is one of the basic necessities for human life to survive on this artificial satellite today getting spl rarityid pee is non an easy assess with so much harmful chemical being disposed into the pissing supply by various industries is fashioning the water system harmful for drinking.71% of the state is made of water out of which merely 1% of water bottom of the inning be used by living beings. Among this 1% of water 50% of water is polluted.This is an analysis report of one of the support, recognized trusted taint in the Indian bottlefulfuld water trade named BISLERI INTERNATIONAL PVT LTD. This is enjoying the colossal pct in the foodstuff both in bulk segment in small packs.HISTORY OF BISLERIWATER WATER EVERYWHERE, BUT JUST A inadequate THAT IS CLEANThe origin of BISLERI lies in Italy and the smirch owes its name to its break dance MR.FELICE BISLERI, an Italian entrepreneur. In 1967, BISLERI set up a plant in Bombay for bottling and grocerying actual mineral water, which did non quite work. By 1969, BISLERI treasured to exit the business and to help him out the Chauhans bought the post, intending to turn it into a keynote tick.Since then it has come a long way. Now, it owns a liberal plough voice of functions in the Indian market and excessively it has its presence in transnational Water Market.WATER WATER EVERYWHERE, BUT JUST A LITTLE THAT IS CLEANJOURNEY OF BISLERI OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS1969 Buys BISLERI bottled water from an Italian caller, Felice Bisleri. It was bottled in glass bottles then.Early-1980s Shifts to PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) bottles. Sales peckMid-1980s Switches to PET bottles, which meant much(prenominal) transp atomic number 18ncy and life for water.1993 Sells carbonated drink grunges like ThumsUp, G grizzly Spot and Limca to Coca-Cola for Rs. 400 crore.1995 BISLERI launches a 500 ml bottle and sales shoot up by 400 per cent.2000 Introduces the 20- l container to bring prices raze from Rs. 10 a litre to Rs. 2 a litre.1998 Introduces a tamper-proof and tamper-evident close.2000 BIS heapcels BISLERIS authorise of water bottling in Delhi since some of the bottles did not carry ISI label the permission is restored one-and-a-half months later.2002 KINLEY oertakes BISLERI. The national retail stores audit by ORG-MARG show Kinsleys market sh atomic number 18 at 35.1 per cent comp ard to BISLERIS 34.4 per cent.2003 BISLERI ventured out into Europe and America to sell bottled water.THE appendage OF BISLERI OVER THE YEARS1. HOW THE QUALITY STANDARD IS IMPROVED-Every bottle of BISLERI is put through a rigorous Multi stage purification processes which includes micrometer filtration and ozonisation.It acquires 6 stages of purification processes which ensure timberland water which is pure and just for drinking purpose. Good manufacturing are the strength all the time affect in religiously monitored at every stage.2. THE TRUST FOR BRAND HAS unendingly BEEN CONSISTENT -More than 50 lakhs people trust the BISLERI. They buy scarce BISLERI water because it has became generic name for mineral water. For example When people go to buy the mineral water some(prenominal) of them ask for BISLERI, even though they get other stain.3. LARGE RANGE OF PRODUCTS OFFERED-BISLERI offers a large turn tail of con vergences which attracts consumer of all categories. For example 1 litre or 500 ml pack is useful for individual buyers, 12 litres or 20 litres is useful for organization. on that pointfore it attracts large number of customer.4. securities industryING STRATEGY-BISLERI is promoted by an self-asserting print TV. TV is backed by a Hoarding stagecoach of sale material. Every interface with customer is used as an fortune to reinforce. For example All vehicles used for supply consider been painted in light green, bears the BISLERI logo sport catchy baseline likes drink and drive.5. dissemination SYSTEM.With little belief in the distri justor system, the order leverage its large fleet to truck to supply bottled water directly goes to retailers through a system called Route Selling where the driver of truck are adept to be the service psyche. This ensures that water supplied are fresh and bottles are in the good shape. BISLERI has more than 80,000 outlets in the country.6. BULK SEGMENT IS USEFUL FOR HOUSEHOLDS besides-Households in certain parts of the country spend a huge amount of money on fuel in order to sick the water. They are supposed to buy the adulterate water and then they have to spend money to purify it.For instance the water scarce mho people spend large some of money to buy water and still more to purify it. The 12 litre product is sprout in various cities of south.7. emergence POPULARITY-The popularity of BISLERI is increasing rapidly day by day. People in the market when it comes to mineral water a person goes to any shop and asks for BISLERI as his/her first preference. BISLERI is seeing a suppuration of almost 50% per course of instruction. With the small pack being popular among individuals user its bulk pack is in addition generating the huge look at which is capturing the market for BISLERI. right away 60-70 % of total income of BISLERI comes from its bulk segment and the partnership is planning to increase it up to 80%.8. THE BREAK AWAY SEAL-Keeping in instinct the consumers need to recognize a genuine product that cannot be treated with. The unique cap has been patented and cannot be duplicated. This technical strength ensures that the consumer bequeathing only get a high safe product when they bleed drink BISLERI.MISSION STATEMENTTo provide the highest look product, keeping in mind all aspect including freshness purity and safety and making it easy available to the consumer at very affordable price.MARKET coat AND GROWTHMarket share 2005Bisleri53%Yes13%Bailey23%Others11%BisleriYesBaileyOthersMarket share 2007Bisleri51%Yes11%Bailley17%Aquafina4%Kinley10%others7%BisleriYesBailleyAquafinaKinleyOthersmarket share feb 2008Bisleri38%Kinley28%Aqua pure11%Bailey6%Others17%BisleriKinleyAqua pureBaileyOthersThe Bisleri in the mineral water market is still maintaining the pace at which it has been growing over past few years. The brand has been witnessing launch of a number of role player wit h every passing day. Presently the market is skewed towards regional players and has more than 250 players in the fray. Besides these there are a number of funny operators who enter the market in summers, reap benefits by packaging knap water and selling as pure mineral water, and then ensue once the season is over. The task in the market is not with the players just with the consumers. Poverty levels, illiteracy has led these players to take full advantage of consumers by selling even the tap water as mineral water. keep down bottled market has a size of Rs11-12bn of this round Rs7bn is in the hands of organized sector and rest is with unorganized sector. In the organized sector Bisleri is the market attracter with 45% market share followed by Bailey with 23-24% market share. The Rs 1,000 crore mark packaged water market has always been synonymous with the desi Bisleri.Market partake in of players among usersThe brand is a product of Parle worldwide and presently is the market attractor with more than 45% market share. The company pioneered the concept of bottled water in the Indian market as early as 1967. The company is also credited with SKUs of 500ml, 1.2 lts, 1.5 lts and 2 lts in the Indian marketThe relaunch of Bisleri in 1993, yet was a success due to growing awareness and high mind of health and hygiene among people. In 1993, when Ramesh Chauhan, Chairman, Parle Bisleri sold his right to market Bisleri brand to Coca-Cola, Bisleri, which downstairswent the untried management for a period of 5 years, remained largely neglected. On getting the rights back, he started building Bisleri as a mineral water brand. Bisleri had a brand name, a product, the brand building of Bisleri started in a small way in 1998, which bore fruit in 1999-2000 when it grew by 140%.Positioning Playing SafeTarget audience wellness and hygiene conscious peoplePersonality Guardian, Authoritative, ReliablePunch task Play SafeUSP Pioneer advantage in bottled water industry, old player with lot ofexperienceBisleri, which enjoys 65 per cent market share in the branded water segment, is also eyeing a sharp offset in sales during the present year 2010.The company, that recently launched its premium brand with medical regard ass Vedica, is expecting a 50 per cent growth in sales from this brandWith so many brands launched and to meet the growing demand in the bottled-water segment that is growing at 40 per cent year on year, the company plans to scale-up its production units. It would be opening 10-15 bottling units in the a yetting six months.In this year so far, Bisleri has set up 5 plants .At present, the company has 52 bottling plants across the country.On Bisleris overseas plans, company is in dialog with local beverage-makers in Sri Lanka, the UAE, Bangladesh and Oman to set up units and franchise the Bisleri brand.The company also plans to expand its global footprint this fiscal. Currently, it exports its products to Singapore.The bott led water brand leader is opening 35 newborn plants in smaller towns and entering the high-margin segmentsBottled water brand leader, Bisleris new plants are ready to meet the summer demand. And over the next six months, the company entrust start operating more plants in the remaining parts of the country.This is part of the companys plans to open as many as 35 new plants across the country to tap the invasive market for packaged water (at Rs 2,400 crore like a shot) in Indias hinterlands. The growth get out come, Parle Bisleri says, as there is an increasing consciousness even in villages to the fact that over 1,600 Indians are dying every day because of waterborne diseases and almost foursome million people in India are affected by water-borne diseases every year.Theres another reason for Bisleris ambitious plans. It pull up stakes help the company fling off cost. Typically, in this business, transporting water to a distance of 200 km costs the company Rs 30 per case freig ht. But with distances cut, the company will now spend only Rs 4-5 per case freight. But Bisleri invariably starts selling the product in a given location before the plant comes up.There was a point in the early 90s the sales and the market value of the bisleri were going down.No doubt, that was furrowed to take for Bisleri. The first thing it did was to form the look and rule of its brand. From the earlier conical shaped bottle, Bisleri took on a streamlined, round shape, replacing the erstwhile blue logo with an aqua green one. The move paid offBisleri is also doing several other things as well to open up the higher margin market. For one, it is in talks with beverage makers and bottlers in countries such as Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Oman and the United Arab Emirates to franchise its brand name. Exports to Singapore have already started.It also launched Vedica, its first mineral water, in January 2010 and is test marketing flavoured water across the country. The company is also s cenery up a new manufacturing facility for its enhanced water brands, which will be fortified with vitamins and minerals. These are brands that will tap the top end of this market, which now account for just 10 per cent of the packaged water market, and bring in substantial profits. Vedica will take on Himalayan and unlike brands like Evian and Perrier in a category that is willing to outsmart out that extra buck.Enthused by its 35% growth in 2008-09, Parle Bisleri is targeting 40% growth this year. With a 60% market share, they are the market leaders in this segment.. The company has already geared up to foray into the flavored water segment in October 2009. Currently, the company has 52 bottling plants across the country.July 26 2009 Bisleri International Pvt Ltd, the packaged water brand grew at 78 per cent in the current fiscal on the back of increasing capacity.They always had an rapacious growth plan in place. Not only they developed the brand further through several market ing initiatives, they also planned on setting up more manufacturing facilities in the country. The television campaign for Bisleri has worked wonders for the brand giving it a bombastic boost.The important increase in India can be easily explained through the growth of the population and problems of water quality and water supplies. Until 1992, the demand for bottled water in India was mostly limited to foreign tourists, corporate meetings, conferences, etc. The introduction of bulk packaging extended the market to new and numerous consumers.Bottled water is a particularly competitive market, and then companies need to develop diverse marketing strategies, such as accessing new markets by owning or developing partnership with regional brands, developing new products (such as flavored water) or by-products (such as cosmetics) and developing services (home and office slant of water).WEAKNESS1. METHOD ADOPTED FOR DISTRIBUTION-THE ROUTESELLING policy adopted by BISLERI for distributi on is more expensive than more commonly followed method of appointing distributors in different towns. This reduces the profit of company. The dealer margin is reduced due to this .therefore not many dealer keeps BISLERI in many areas. Indirectly this is reducing the reportage of BISLERI.2. REUSE OF BOTTLE BY LOCAL SELLERS AND guilty MANUFACTURERS-Market look into conducted by BISLERI revealed that the other overriding concern for this set of buyers is the tampering of seal and the reuse of bottles. Many have witnessed used bottles being refilled at railway stations. This deteriorates the brand image of BISLERI.For example local sellers fill the bottle of BISLERI with impure water and the bottles are purchased by illiterate customers as BISLERI water but they buy water of low quality. In this way brand of BISLERI gets affected.3. FAULTS IN PRODUCTION-Tests conducted by various authorities shows that it contains pesticides. In 2002 the 2cm long dirt ball was comprise in the bott le of BISLERI. This has affected its sales and reputation. The license of its deuce factories one at Noida and other at Bangalore has been cancelled because of fault in production.4. PRESSURE BY GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY-After insect was represent in the bottles, FDA (Food Drug Adulteration) has cancelled the production of BISLERI. Afterwards it was allowed to resume it but in this period its customer were moved towards other products. It is constantly under check by various authorities.5. NOT MEETING THE DEMAND OF THE customer-In certain parts of south in our country big bottles of BISLERI are in huge demand but the company is ineffectual to meet the demand of the consumers. This is affecting the demand for the product. So People are forced to use other brands of mineral water.OPPORTUNITY1. FAST GROWING FIELD-The best beverage for India in the new millennium seems to be water. In recent years, the bottled drinking water market has been witnessing high atomic number 105 level of activ ity, with a host of new entrants. The bottled water market which price Rs. 1000 crore is expected to be Rs. 5000 crore by 2010. This will increase a lot of scope for bottled water market.2. BISLERI CAN UTILISE ITS DISTRIBUTION roll out of mountains-With BISLERI becoming a generic name for bottled drinking water. If company can manage the distribution chain of the product to make it available where the consumer ineluctably it the most, the company may well succeed in his gamble with water. For this the company can connect it with dealers and other distributors who will market the products for them all around the world.3. EXPANSION IN EUROPE-The launch of BISLERI in the European market on 4th September, 2003 has created a lot of scope for BISLERI in the field. This will also compensate the deterioration of image BISLERI has suffered after insect was found in the bottle. It will silence the critics and it will also increase the assurance of the customer for the brand. It will creat e an international brand image and the quality will increase.4. LAUNCH OF PREMIUM PACK-The company also has its premium product range. This is prepared keeping 5-star hotels and other premium customer. This pack will be sold at Rs. 20 per litre. This will give a tough competition to the EVIAN, the biggest player in the premium water range which sells its 1 litre water at a hefty of Rs.85 per litre.5. swap OF IMAGE-The company has changed the colour of the product. It has changed from blue to green. By changing the colour, the company has provided a new product to the consumers they will be getting a new and a refreshing product.6. INCREASE IN PRODUCTION-BISLERI is eyeing the Market and is in the process of increasing the production by setting 4 new plants adding to its 23plants. This will increase the production capacity of the company.THREAT1. MARKET IS EYED BY THE BIG PLAYERS-The growth of the market indicates the need for the mineral water. Due to this the heavy weights are eyei ng the market. Coke, Pepsi, Britannia, Nestle, Auswater-is keen on raising their venture in this market. With the cut throat competition between Coke and Pepsi, BISLERI is not safe.2. ENTERING OF NEW PLAYERS-To get some share in the market many new players are entering in the market. Among them major label are Godrej, which is launching its product AQUA-PURE and Tata-Tea is looking forward to but Himalayan, this will increase the competition. Also Britannia which is distributing EVIAN is planning to launch its own brand. There are also new entrants ATCO with BRILLIANT water, DS FOODS with CATCH are also coming. Even Hindustan lever is planning to enter into the market. This is give a tough competition to the current water brands including BISLERI.3. WATER FILTER MANUFACTURERS-BISLERI is not only getting competition from mineral water maker but is also facing a tough competition from various water leach manufacturers such as Eureka Forbes (Aqua guard). They have been marketing the re purifiers in the market which has decreased the sales of bottled water supply to homely customers.4. ILLEGAL MANUFACTURERS-Company is facing a tough competition from illegal manufacturers in the rural areas. The illegal manufacturers provide water at a very cheaper rate then the branded manufacturers. There are 1000s of illegal manufacturers which are providing the water at a very cheaper rate. This is a serious problem for branded manufacturers. This companies also use the fake name of branded bottled water i.e. BISLERI and supply their products in the market.5. STRONG DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL OF THE OTHER MANUFACTURERS-Analysts feel that BISLERIS break away seal will not at all be effective the company having immobile distribution channel will only survive. This rings the warning bell for BISLERI because among other players Kinley and Aquafina are having a strong distribution network of Coke and Pepsi. Nestle will be banking on its chocolate distribution network. Even though the B ISLERI has a strong networks but its concentration on bulk segment can lead to improper network.For example A chemist who is selling the 1 litre pack may not sell the 20 litre pack. This could ail the network.

A Personal Motivation Statement

A Personal Motivation debateI find calibrated from Bahir Dar University on July6 /2007. It is evident that my pre-university academic soil had been outstanding on the average. My High school and Preparatory school certificates and high Education tempt Examination Leaving are tangible affirmation to this fact where I fenced to score 369 out of five hundred which was the first range from social acquirement students at Preparatory School to join university. connectedness the university, I could manage to maintain an excellent academic performance and graduated with Great none (CGPA of 3.91 out of 4.00) in Bachelor of Arts from Bahir Dar University. It was the fleck best grade among subscriber line and economic science Faculty graduates of the University in the social class 2007.Currently I am leaning as an Assistant tweak I in the division of Economics, University of Gondar. Hence I have various academic responsibilities ranging from lecturing at class to advising re essay papers.I am giving contrastive courses including valued methods for Economists, Econometrics, Development Economics I and micro Economics I for a descend of 600 students in divergent batches and programs. In auxiliary i am nerve-wracking to publish different economical articles on Development Economics in the universitys quarterly magazine. In addendum I am trying to under retain Research with PhDs at our department.though I have keen engage in Economics and opposite developmental studies of social Science I am fond of the salmon pink of Maths. During my undergrad studentship, I had keen interest in statistics, mathematics and calculus, my undergraduate scores for six successive semesters are excellent verification (Do non hesitate to go through my academic transcript). In growth I have applied econometric models for my senior essay authorize Does foreign Aid Work in the Ethiopian Economy? .This had heart-to-heart a door for me to see the applications progra mme of quantitative and econometric fellowship on solving different social problems through research. It was with these in capitulum that I concentrated on commiting for your Master Program in QEM. asunder from my academic life, I have been involved in the following different community services since High school. I have served my University as a Project designer and Implementer of one of its Movements, Anti-HIV/AIDS Movement. Besides I was also the founding member and the first President of Bahir Dar University Economics Students friendship (ECOSA). Similarly, i have been an active participant and facilitator in different reproductions and Workshops in different towns of Ethiopia. I have given carriage Skills Training for about ergocalciferol University Students during my stay at Bahir Dar University. I have also given this training for about 300 out-of-school Youths in Amhara region of Ethiopia.In addition, I have taken different long term courses including Youth Life at th e Cross Roads for Ten Months, Management and Leadership training for 2 Months and other short term trainings on Counseling ,Club Management, confederate Education, Reproductive Health, Family Life Education, Gender, Family Planning, Economic Relevance of Nile River, Globalization, Federalism and Democracy in Ethiopia, divinity fudge Courses EtcIf I happen to bum the opportunity to major in Models and Methods of Quantitative Economics (QEM) Contributing to the science, and association of my students pass on be my ultimate occupational group goal.Besides I will continue Lecturing at my model employee, University of Gondar. I will try to help my students and my country in a way that is influential in shape ining some tangible changes at the university and country level as i will use my social, colloquy and interpersonal skills when i came back home from the study. I wish to rick my postgraduate degree as soon as possible and i want to contribute my best to my country and to t he developing world as a whole as we (citizens of developing countries) are responsible to bring our countries from the bottom and contribute our best for the betterment of our World.Thank you in move on for your time and consideration. truly yours,A. Motivation statement. Explain your application, your present situation, your interest in the field, in the degree and in the institutions of the consortium, your intentions after this degree, (1-2 pages)B. Preferred mobility track. This essentially concerns the plectron of the institution of the sulfur year. Students may propose a ranking of their choices betwixt the institutions and it is very important to precise whether this is a definitive choice or simply a wish. In the latter case, the Committee will take into consideration the wishes of the students starting with those who have the highest acceptance ranking. (1 page)C. Financial aid. Students should precise if they apply for a scholarship (Erasmus Mundus, Asian Window Eras mus Mundus, Consortium (especially for European students) and if their application is conditional to the acceptation of a scholarship. (1 page)Personal LetterA. Motivation narrationI am very happy to be one of your candidates and to indite this personal statement to the best of my knowledge and ability.My name is Tadesse Mulat. I have graduated from Bahir Dar University on July6 /2007.It is evident that my pre-university academic background had been outstanding on the average. My High school and Preparatory school certificates and Higher Education Entrance Examination Leaving Certificates are tangible testimony to this fact where I managed to score 369 out of 500 which was the first grade from social science students at Preparatory School to join university. Joining the university, I could manage to maintain an excellent academic performance and graduated with Great Distinction (CGPA of 3.91 out of 4.00) in Economics (B.A) from Bahir Dar University. It was the second best grade am ong Business and Economics Faculty graduates of the University in the year 2007.Since September 2007, I am working as an Assistant Graduate I in the Department of Economics, University of Gondar. Hence I have various academic responsibilities ranging from lecturing at class to advising research papers.I am giving different Economics courses especially Development Economics I and II for a total of 600 students in different batches and programs. In addition i am trying to publish different economic articles on Development Economics in the universitys quarterly magazine. In addition I am trying to essay Research with PhDs at our department.Though I have keen interest in Economics, I am fond of the beauty of developmental studies.In addition I have applied econometric models for my senior essay empower Does foreign Aid Work in the Ethiopian Economy? It was with these in mind that I concentrated on applying for your Master Program in Development Studies..Apart from my academic life, I have been involved in the different community services since High school. I have served my University as a Project designer and Implementer of one of its Movements, Anti-HIV/AIDS Movement. Besides I was also the founding member and the first President of Bahir Dar University Economics Students Association (ECOSA). Similarly, i have been an active participant and facilitator in different trainings and Workshops in different towns of Ethiopia. I have given different trainings for about 500 University Students during my stay at Bahir Dar University on issues concerning Reproductive Health,Gender ,Sexuality,Club Management,etc.If I happen to get the opportunity to major in Development Studies Contributing to the science and Knowledge of my students will be my ultimate career goal.Besides I will continue Lecturing and Conducting researches on Development Economics at my generate employee, University of Gondar. I will try to help my students and my country in a way that is influential in bringing some tangible changes at the university and country level as i will use my social, confabulation and interpersonal skills when i came back home from the study. I wish to work my postgraduate degree as soon as possible and i want to contribute my best to my country and to the developing world as a whole as we (citizens of developing countries) are responsible to bring our countries from the bottom and contribute our best for the betterment of our World.Thank you for your time and consideration.Sincerely yours,B. Preferred Mobility TrackMy choice of institution for the second year is as followsUniversity of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, FranceAutonomous University of Barcelona, SpainUniversity of Bielefeld, GermanyCa Foscari University of Venice, ItalyYet it is not a definitive choice as I can attend my second year study in any University.C. Financial AidI will apply for Erasmus Mundus Scholarship for this program. I dont have any fiscal ability to pursue my Master in QEM. But my application is not conditional to the acceptation of the Scholarship as I will search for other Scholarships after I get our admission.